O papel da microbiota na etiologia das doenças inflamatórias intestinais
Resumo
A doença inflamatória intestinal é um processo inflamatório crônico, com etiologia ainda não bem estabelecida, de natureza multifatorial, representada principalmente por dois fenótipos, a retocolite ulcerativa (RCU) e doença de Crohn (DC). No que se refere à patogênese, acredita-se que a homeostase direta e indireta entre microbiota, epitélio intestinal e células imunológicas é interrompida por fatores genéticos e ambientais, como o uso de antibióticos, prática do tabagismo, dietas e estresse, resultando em um estado crônico de inflamação desregulada. Evidências científicas recentes demonstraram que a microbiota do intestino humano é capaz de produzir fatores antigênicos que desencadeiam a inflamação persistente da mucosa intestinal como observada na DC e RCU. Nas últimas duas décadas, com o advento das novas tecnologias “ômicas”, houve uma expansão nas possibilidades para analisar em grande proporção o perfil genético e metabólico da população microbiana intestinal, que é numericamente a mais representativa no corpo humano. Dessa maneira, aconteceu uma ampliação exponencial do entendimento da composição bem como das funções desempenhadas pelo microbioma do intestino, o que oportunizou a descoberta de novos horizontes quanto a mecanismos de ação desencadeadores dos processos inflamatórios de muitas doenças crônicas com as doenças inflamatórias intestinais, permitindo a formulação e implementação de novas intervenções terapêuticas.
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