Associação entre obesidade e doença periodontal: revisão narrativa
Resumo
Introdução: A obesidade pode ser definida como a acumulação anormal ou excessiva de tecido adiposo em relação à massa magra. O Índice Massa Corporal (IMC) é a classificação largamente utilizada e caracteriza um indivíduo com obesidade quando resulta num valor igual ou superior a 30 Kg/m2. Tem sido reconhecido o papel desta doença na exacerbação da inflamação periodontal e no aumento do risco para o desenvolvimento da periodontite. Objectivo: O objectivo deste estudo foi explorar e resumir os mecanismos envolvidos na relação entre a obesidade e a doença periodontal. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa avançada na base de dados PubMed utilizando uma combinação dos termos “obesidade”, “sobrepeso”, “periodontite” e “doença periodontal”. Além disso, as listas de referências dos artigos incluídos foram revistas sem impor qualquer restrição. Os dados foram sintetizados de forma narrativa. Resultados: A obesidade e a doença periodontal são condições crónicas com fatores de risco sobrepostos. As suas associações podem ser elucidadas através de múltiplos mecanismos, envolvendo primariamente a inflamação crónica em indivíduos com obesidade, mediada pela secreção de citocinas, levando a um comprometimento da função imunitária. Além disso, esta relação parece ser bidirecional, uma vez que a perda dentária que resulta da doença periodontal pode desencadear padrões alimentares deficientes, potenciando fatores que contribuem para a obesidade. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que parece existir uma associação bidirecional entre a obesidade e a periodontite, a qual pode ser atribuída por vários mecanismos, especialmente aqueles relacionados com o estado inflamatório destas condições.
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